Hustlers Knowledge

Hello friends, i n this post today, we learn about Friend function in c++ and how to use Friend function in c++ .   so lets start... Friend function in c++ Friend function:- Friend  function as a friend of a class and can allow that friend function to access private and protected data members of that class. Friend functions are mostly used where  two or more classes want to share a common function. Important points about Friend Function.  friend is a keyword. A friend function is created by placing the keyword  friend in the function declaration but not in function definition. And function definition must be defined outside the class to which it is friend. It is not a member function of the class but it  have full access to the public, private and protected data  member of the class. A friend function is not a member function of the class and cannot be called from any  object of the class using dot operator. The arguments of friend functions are usually objects of the class to which i

Hello friends, i n this post today, we learn about 'this' pointer in c++ and what is the  use  of   'this'  pointer .  so lets start... this pointer in c++ 'this' pointer:- The this pointer is a special pointer which is a built-in pointer. and  'this' is a keyword. It stores the  address of current object in context. That is the current object which can be referred using this  pointer anywhere in the class. Important Points About this Pointer:- The this pointer can be used only inside the class i.e., only  inside the member function of the class and cannot be used outside and  static member of the class. The object’s address is available from within the member function as the this pointer. It  is legal, through unnecessary, to use this pointer when referring to members of the class. The  expression (*this) is commonly used to return the current object from a member function. this is a local object pointer in every instance member function containing add

Hello friends, in this post today, we learn Static data members and functions in c++ . so lets start... Static data members and functions  Static Data Members:- We know that whenever an object is created separate copies of data members are created for each object.  Data members of the class which are shared by all objects are known as static data members also known as (class variables). But in case of static data members only one copy of static data members is available which is shared among all the objects created. They are created by placing static keyword before variable declaration. Static members are declared inside the class but are initialized outside the class as : data_type class_name : : static_variable =value; It is initialized to zero when  value is not given by the programmer.   It is visible only within the class but its lifetime of a static variable is the entire program. Static members are generally used to maintain values common to the entire class. Example:- #include

Hello friends, in this post today, we learn about What is new and delete operator in c++ . so lets start... new and delete operator  Memory Management Operators of C++:- The technique through which a program can obtain space in the RAM during the execution  of the program and not during compilation is called dynamic memory allocation. In this method space for the variables (array, strings, structure etc) is allocated from a free memory region which is known as heap.  For dynami c memory management, C++ provides two unary operator 'new' and 'delete'. Dynamic memory allocation is the allocation of memory at run time i.e., when program  executes then required memory is asked from the user and memory is allocated with the help of operator new. Syntax of new : data_type *ptr = new data_type; Here ptr is a variable of data_type. Memory is allocated by finding the size of data_type  automatically by the compiler and address of the allocated memory is returned which is stored 

Hello friends, in this post today, we learn about What is reference variable in c++. and what is its major use  in c++ . so lets start... Reference variable in c++ Reference variable:- Reference variable is a new concept in C++. A reference variable is a variable which provides an alias (alternative name) for a previously defined variable or any constant. Reference variable is an internal pointer. Declaration of reference variable is preceded with & symbol ( but do not read it as ‘address of ‘). Reference variable must be initialized during declaration. It can be initialized with already declared variables only. Reference variables can not be updated. This mechanism is useful in object oriented programming because it permits the manipulation of objects by reference, and eliminates the copying of object parameters back and forth. It is also important to note that references can be created not only for built-in data types but also for user- defined data types. Syntax: Data_type  &am

Hello friends, in this post today, we learn about what is Destructor in c++ and why we use Destructor in c++. so lets start... Destructor in c++ Destructor:- Destructor is a special and  instance member function of a class. Destructor is a member function whose name must be same as class name but is preceded by a tilde sign (~). The purpose of destructor is to destroy the object when it is no longer needed or goes out of scope. It should be defined to release resources allocated to an object. Features of Destructor:- Destructor should be declared in the public section. Destructor can never be static. Once a destructor is called for a object, the object will no longer be available for the  future reference. Destructor never  takes any argument nor it returns any value nor it has return type (no overloading is possible). Destructor is invoked automatically by the complier when object goes out scope  of the program. There is no explicit or implicit category for a destructor. They are al